What Type of Art Was Popular in the 1850s

As long equally nosotros humans have been able to use our hands, nosotros have been creating fine art. From early cavern paintings to the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, man creative expression can tell u.s. a lot about the lives of the people who create it. To fully appreciate the cultural, social, and historical significance of different artworks, you demand to be aware of the broad art history timeline. This article presents an overview of many significant eras of art creation and the historical contexts out of which they take risen.

Table of Contents

• 1 Fine art Eras: Where to Begin?
• 2 A Brief Overview of the Fine art Periods Timeline
• 3 A Comprehensive Art Movement Timeline
  • 3.one The Romanesque Flow (1000-1300): Sharing Information Through Art
  • 3.2 The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Freedom and Fright Come Together
  • 3.3 The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Art Era That Never Really Existed
  • 3.iv Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Futurity of Kitsch
  • 3.5 The Bizarre Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Power and the Deception of the Heart
  • three.6 The Rococo Art Period (1725-1780): Light and Airy, a French Fancy
  • 3.seven Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing It Back to Classic Times
  • 3.8 Romanticism (1790-1850): A Break from the Severity of information technology All
  • iii.9 Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity
  • 3.10 Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Modern Art
  • 3.11 Symbolism (1890-1920): In that location is Ever More Than Meets the Centre
  • 3.12 Art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Gold of Gustav Klimt
  • 3.xiii Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Edge to the Argue
  • 3.fourteen Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Back Together Again
  • 3.15 Futurism (1909-1945): Creative Riot
  • 3.xvi Dadaism (1912-1920): The True Reality That Life is Nonsense
  • iii.17 Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Just Get More Bizzare
  • 3.18 The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical
  • three.19 Abstract Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Away from Europe
  • 3.20 Pop-Art (1955-1969): Art is Everything
  • iii.21 Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modern Fine art

Art Eras: Where to Begin?

Every bit long as humankind has been conscious of itself, it has been creating art to represent this self. The primeval cave paintings that we are enlightened of were created roughly 40,000 years agone. We have found paintings and drawings of human activity from the Paleolithic Era under rocks and in caves. We cannot truly know the reason why these early humans began to produce art. Perhaps painting and drawing were a style to record their lived experiences, to tell stories to young children, or to laissez passer down wisdom from one generation to the next.

These prehistoric rock paintings are in Manda Guéli Cavern in the Ennedi Mountains, Republic of chad, Key Africa. Camels accept been painted over earlier images of cattle, perhaps reflecting climatic changes;David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, CC By 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Although we have these exquisite examples of early creative expression, the official history of fine art periods only begins with the Romanesque Era. Official art era timelines do non include cave paintings, sculptures, and other works of fine art from the rock historic period or the cute frescos produced in Arab republic of egypt and Crete in effectually 2000 BC. The reason behind this decision is that these early eras of artistic expression were bound to a relatively modest geographical space. The official art eras that we will be discussing today, in contrast, bridge across many countries, often all of Europe and sometimes N and South America.

Despite their lack of official recognition, these earliest examples of human being artistic flair raise a lot of interesting questions. Why is it that the animals depicted in cave paintings are so much more realistic and vivid than the animals represented in later on eras?

This commodity hopes to give yous some insight into the always-irresolute artistic way of the human being creative mind as we explore the complexities of the different art periods.

A Brief Overview of the Fine art Periods Timeline

Equally with many areas of human history, it is impossible to delineate the different art periods with precision. The dates presented in the brackets below are approximations based on the progression of each move beyond several countries. Many of the art periods overlap considerably, with some of the more than recent eras occurring at the same time. Some eras last for a few k years while others span less than 10. Art is a continuous procedure of exploration, where more than contempo periods grow out of existing ones.

Art Period	Years
Romanesque	m – 1150
Gothic	1140 – 1600
Renaissance	1495 – 1527
Mannerism	1520 – 1600
Baroque	1600 – 1725
Rococo	1720 – 1760
Neoclassicism	1770 – 1840
Romanticism	1800 – 1850
Realism	1840 – 1870
Pre-Raphaelite	1848 – 1854
Impressionism	1870 – 1900
Naturalism	1880 – 1900
Postal service-Impressionism	1880 – 1920
Symbolism	1880 – 1910
Expressionism	1890 – 1939
Art Noveau	1895 – 1915
Cubism	1905 – 1939
Futurism	1909 – 1918
Dadaism	1912 – 1923
New Objectivity	1918 – 1933
Precisionism	1920 – 1950
Art Deco	1920 – 1935
Bauhaus	1920 – 1925
Surrealism	1924 – 1945
Abstract Expressionism	1945 – 1960
Popular-Art / Op Art	1956 – 1969
Arte Povera	1960 – 1969
Minimalism	1960 – 1975
Photorealism	1968 – at present
Lowbrow Pop Surrealism	1970 – now
Contemporary Art	1978 – now

It may seem foreign for our account of the art period timeline to end 30 years agone. The concept of an art era seems inadequate to capture the variety of artistic styles that have grown since the plow of the 21st Century. There is a feeling among some art historians that the traditional concept of painting has died in our era of fast-track living. We do not accept this stance. Instead, we go along to share our unique human experiences through the medium of art, but as the cave people did, outside of our mod system of classification.

Biergarten (c. 1915) by Max Liebermann;Max Liebermann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

A Comprehensive Fine art Movement Timeline

Information technology is time to swoop a lilliputian deeper into the social, cultural, and historical contexts of each of the singled-out art eras we presented to a higher place. You lot will see how many eras take influence from those before them. Art, like human consciousness, is continuously evolving. Information technology is likewise of import to notation that this fine art timeline is a history of Western and predominantly European art.

The Romanesque Menstruation (thousand-1300): Sharing Information Through Art

Art historians typically consider the Romanesque art era to be the start of the art history timeline. Romanesque fine art developed during the ascent of Christianity ca. 1000 Advertisement. During this time, only a pocket-size per centum of the European population were literate. The ministers of the Christian church were typically role of this minority, and to spread the message of the bible, they needed an alternative method.

Christian objects, stories, deities, saints, and ceremonies were the sectional subject of nearly Romanesque paintings. Intended to teach the masses about the values and beliefs of the Christian Church, Romanesque paintings had to exist simple and piece of cake to read.

As a event, Romanesque works of art are uncomplicated, with bold contours and clean areas of colour. Romanesque paintings lack whatsoever depth of perspective, and the imagery is rarely of natural scenes. There were several dissimilar forms that Romanesque paintings could accept, including wall paintings, mosaics, panel paintings, and book paintings.

Due to the Christian purpose behind Romanesque paintings, they are almost ever symbolic. The relative importance of the figures within the paintings is shown by the size, with the more important figures appearing much larger. You lot tin see that human faces are frequently distorted, and the stories depicted in these paintings tend to have a loftier emotional value. Romanesque paintings oftentimes include mythological creatures like dragons and angels, and almost always announced in churches.

At the well-nigh fundamental level, paintings of the Romanesque menstruum serve the purpose of spreading the discussion of the bible and Christianity. The name of this fine art era stems from circular arches used in Roman architecture, oft found in churches of the time.

Altar frontal from Avià, c. 1200; Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Freedom and Fear Come Together

One of the most famous eras, Gothic art grew out of the Romanesque period in French republic and is an expression of two contrasting feelings of the age. On the ane hand, people were experiencing and jubilant a new level of freedom of idea and religious understanding. On the other, in that location was a fright that the globe was coming to an finish. You tin clearly run into the expression of these two contrasting tensions within the fine art of the Gothic menstruation.

Simply as in the Romanesque catamenia, Christianity lay at the middle of the tensions of the Gothic era. As more freedom of thought emerged, and many pushed confronting conformity, the subjects of paintings became more various. The stronghold of the church building began to dissipate.

Gothic paintings portrayed scenes of existent human life, such as working in the fields and hunting. The focus moved away from divine beings and mystical creatures equally more focus was given to the intricacies of what it meant to be human being.

Human figures received a lot more attending during the Gothic menses. Gothic artists fleshed out more than realistic human faces as they became more individual, less ii-dimensional, and less inanimate. The development of a three-dimensional perspective is idea to have facilitated this change. Painters also paid more attention to things of personal value like wear, which they painted realistically with beautiful folds.

The Raising of Lazarus(1310-1311) by Duccio di Buoninsegna;Duccio di Buoninsegna, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

Many historians believe that part of the reason why the subjects of art became more diverse during the Gothic era was due to the increased surface expanse for painting inside churches. Gothic churches were more expansive than those of the Romanesque period, which is thought to stand for the increased feelings of freedom at this time.

Alongside the newfound freedom of artistic expression, in that location was a deep fear that the end of the globe was coming. It is suggested that this was accompanied by a gradual decline in faith in the church, and this in plow may have spurred the expansion of art outside of the church. In fact, towards the terminate of the Gothic era, works by Hieronymus von Bosch, Breughel, and others were unsuitable for placement within a church.

We do not know many individual artists who painted in the Romanesque period, as art was not about who painted information technology but rather the message it carried. Thus, the motility away from the church can likewise be seen in the enormous increment in known artists from the Gothic menstruum, including Giotto di Bondone. Schools of art began to emerge throughout France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and other parts of Europe.

The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Fine art Era That Never Really Existed

The Renaissance era is maybe i of the most well-known, featuring artists similar Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. This era continued to focus on the private human as its inspiration and took influence from the art and philosophy of the ancient Romans and Greeks. The Renaissance tin can be seen as a cultural rebirth.

A function of this cultural rebirth was the returned focus on the natural and realistic world in which humans lived. The three-dimensional perspective became even more important to the art of the Renaissance, equally is aptly demonstrated by Michelangelo'south statue ofDavid.This statue harkened back to the works of the aboriginal Greeks as it was consciously created to exist seen from all angles. Statues of the terminal two eras had been two-dimensional, intended to exist viewed only from the front end.

Michelangelo's David (1501-1504); Livioandronico2013, CC By-SA four.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The same iii-dimensional perspective carried over into the paintings of the Renaissance era. Frescos that were invented around 3000 years prior were given new life past Renaissance painters. Scenes became more than circuitous, and the representation of humans became much more nuanced. Renaissance artists painted human bodies and faces in 3 dimensions with a strong emphasis on realism. The paint used during the Renaissance period besides represented a shift from tempera paints to oil paints. The Renaissance flow is often credited as the very starting time of great Dutch landscape paintings.

Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Hereafter of Kitsch

Of grade, this heading is partly in jest. Not all of the art produced in this era is what we would understand today every bit "kitsch". What we understand kitsch to hateful today is oft artificial, cheaply made, and without much 'classic' taste. Instead, the reason we describe the art of this menstruum as being kitsch is due to the relative over-exaggeration that characterized it. Stemming from the newfound freedom of human expression in the Renaissance period, artists began to explore their own unique and individual artistic style, or fashion.

Michelangelo himself, in fact, is not free from the exaggeration that distinguishes this era. Some fine art historians practise not consider some of his afterwards paintings to exist works of the Renaissance period. The expression of feelings and man gestures, even items of clothing, is exaggerated deliberately in mannerist paintings.

The minor S-curve of the human body that characterizes the Renaissance style is transformed into an unnatural angle of the body. This is the starting time European style that attracted artists from across Europe to its birthplace in Italy.

Madonna with Long Neck (1534-1540) by Parmigianino;Parmigianino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Bizarre Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Power and the Charade of the Heart

The progression of fine art celebrating the lives of humans over the power of the divine continued into the Bizarre era. Kings, princes, and even popes began to prefer to meet their own ability and prestige celebrated through art than that of God. The over-exaggeration that classified Mannerism also continued into the Baroque menses, with the scenes of paintings becoming increasingly unrealistic and magnificent.

Baroque paintings often showed scenes where Kings would be ascending into the heavens, mingling with the angels, and reaching ever closer to the divinity and ability of God. Here, we really can meet the progression of human self-importance, and although the subject matter does not move away entirely from religious symbolism, human is increasingly the primal power inside the compositions.

New materials that glorify wealth and status similar aureate and marble become the prized materials for sculptures. Opposites of light and dark, warm and common cold colors, and symbols of good and evil are emphasized across what is naturally occurring. Art academies increased in their numbers, every bit art became a way to display your wealth, power, and status.

Baroque ceiling frescoes of Cathedral in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Piece of work of Italian master Giulio Quaglio in 1703–1706 and later 1721–1723;Petar Milošević, CC BY-SA four.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The Rococo Art Catamenia (1725-1780): Light and Blusterous, a French Fancy

The paintings from the Rococo era are typical of the French aristocracy of the time. The proper name stems from the French word rocaille which means "shellwork". The solid forms which characterized the Baroque period softened into lite, air, and desire. Paintings of this era were no longer stiff and powerful, but light and playful.

The colors were lighter and brighter, nearly transparent in some instances. Many pieces of fine art from this period neglected religious themes, although some artists similar Tiepolo did create frescos in many churches.

Much like the attitude of the French aristocracy of the time, the art of the Rococo period is totally removed from the social reality. The shepherd'south idyll became the theme of this flow, representing life as light and carefree, without the constraints of economic or social hardship.

Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing It Dorsum to Classic Times

Classicism, like the Rococo era, began in France in effectually 1770. In dissimilarity to the Rococo era, yet, Classism reverted to earlier, more than serious styles of artistic expression. Much like the Renaissance period, Classisim took inspiration from classic Roman and Greek fine art.

The art created in the Classicism era reverted to strict forms, two-dimensional colors, and homo figures. The tone of these paintings was undoubtedly strict. Colors lost their symbolism. The art produced in this era was used internationally to instill feelings of patriotism in the people of each nation. Parts of Classicism include Louis-Sieze, Empire, and Biedermeier.

A Childhood Idyll (1900) past William Bouguereau;William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Romanticism (1790-1850): A Break from the Severity of information technology All

You can see from the dates that this fine art era occurred at effectually the same time every bit Classicism. Romanticism is often seen equally an emotionally charged reaction to the stern nature of Classicism. In contrast to the strict and realistic nature of the Classicism era, the paintings of the Romantic era were much more sentimental.

The exploration of the intangible; emotions and the subconscious, took center-phase. Around this fourth dimension, people began to go hiking in an endeavour to explore the natural earth. It was not, however, the true reality of the natural earth which they intended to discover, but the fashion it fabricated them experience.

At that place is no tangible or precisely determinable style to the art of the Romanticism flow. English and French painters tended to focus on the effects of shadows and lights, while the art produced past High german painters tended to have more gravity of idea to them. The Romantic painters were often criticized and even mocked for their interpretation of the globe around them.

Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity

As the Romanticism era was a reactionary movement to the Classicism menstruum earlier it, then is Realism a reaction to Romanticism. In contrast to the cute and securely emotional content of Romantic paintings, Realist artists presented both the good and beautiful, the ugly and evil. The reality of the world is presented in an unembellished manner past Realism painters.

These artists attempt to show the world, people, nature, and animals, as they truly are. There is a focus on the "obligation of fine art into truth" as Gustave Courbet puts it.

Merely as with Romanticism, Realism was not pop with everyone. The paintings are not specially pleasing to the eye and some critics have commented that despite the artist's claims of realism, erotic scenes somehow miss the real eroticism. Goethe criticizes Realism, saying that art should be ideal, non realistic. Schiller too calls Realism "hateful," indicating the harshness that many of the paintings portray.

Proudhon and His Children(1865) by Gustave Courbet; Gustave Courbet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Modern Fine art

Historians often paint the Impressionist movement as the showtime of the modernistic age. Impressionist fine art is said to have airtight the book on classical music and other classical forms of art. Impressionism is also perhaps, after Cubism, i of the most easily recognizable fine art periods. Featuring artists like Claude Monet and Vincent van Gough, Impressionism broke away from the smooth brush strokes and areas of solid color that characterized many fine art periods before it.

Initially, the word Impressionism was similar a swear discussion in the fine art world, with critics believing that these artists did not paint with technique, but rather only smeared paint onto a canvass. The brushstrokes indeed were a significant deviation from those that came before them, sometimes becoming furiously wild. Singled-out shapes and lines disappeared into a whirlwind of colors. Private dots of completely new colors were put together, particularly in the pointillism multifariousness of Impressionist paintings. The subjects of Impressionist paintings could often just be recognized from a distance.

View of Vetheuil sur Seine(1880) past Claude Monet;Claude Monet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

A meaning modify that occurred during the Impressionist era was that painting began to take place "en-plein-air," or outside. Much of the Impressionist artist'south ability to capture the complex and ever-changing colors of the natural world were a result of this shift.

Impressionist artists besides began to motion away from the desire to lecture and teach, preferring to create fine art for fine art'south sake. Galleries and international exhibitions became increasingly important.

Symbolism (1890-1920): There is Ever More Than Meets the Eye

During this menstruation, the era of Symbolism began to have hold in French republic. Artists became preoccupied with the representation of feelings and thoughts through objects. The favorite themes of the Symbolism motility were death, sickness, sin, and passion. The forms were mostly articulate, a fact which fine art historians believe was anticipating the Art Nouveau era.

Art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Aureate of Gustav Klimt

Although Gustav Klimt was past no means the most important artist in the Art Nouveau motion, he is one of the almost well-known. His fashion perfectly encapsulates the Art Nouveau movement with soft, curved lines, lots of florals, and the stylistic characterization of human figures. In many countries, this style is known as the Secession style.

The Osculation (1907-1908) by Gustav Klimt;Gustav Klimt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

The art produced in the Fine art Nouveau period includes a lot of symmetry and is characterized past playfulness and youthfulness. Fine art Nouveau has a lot of political content, although many critics ignore this and concur the decorative aspects confronting it. Through the art of the Art Nouveau period, artists attempted to bring nature dorsum into industrial cities.

Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Edge to the Debate

In the Expressionism art era, we over again encounter a resurgence of the importance of the expression of subjective feelings. The artists within this movement were not interested in naturalism or what things look like on the outside. As a result, at that place is a certain tinge of aggression in some Expressionist paintings, which are often primitive and slightly wild.

Expressionism originated in Germany and is intended to contrast Impressionism. Towards the beginning of the Outset Earth State of war, Expressionist paintings had a agonizing intensity about them. Intended to criticize ability and the standing social order, Expressionism spread these political ideas through the medium of paint. Art was beginning to become political.

Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Dorsum Together Once again

Kickoff with ii artists, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, the Cubist movement was all well-nigh fragmentation, geometric shapes, and multiple perspectives. The dimensional planes of everyday objects were broken down into different geometric segments and put back together in a manner that presented the object from multiple sides simultaneously.

Cubism was a rejection of all the rules of traditional western painting and has had a strong influence on the styles of art that accept followed it.

Guitar and Spectacles (1912) by Juan Gris;Juan Gris, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Futurism (1909-1945): Artistic Anarchism

Futurism is less of an creative fashion and more of an artistically inspired political movement. Founded by Tommaso Marinetti'sFuturist Manifesto, which rejected social system and Christian morality, the Futurist era was full of anarchy, hostility, aggression, and anger. Although Marinetti was non a painter himself, painting became the about prominent form of art within the Futurist move.

These artists vehemently rejected the rules of Classical painting, believing that everything that was passed through generations (behavior, traditions, faith) was suspicious and dangerous. The militant nature of the Futurist movement has resulted in many people believing that information technology was besides close to fascism.

Dadaism (1912-1920): The True Reality That Life is Nonsense

Dada ways a not bad many things and nada at all. The author Hugo Ball discovered that this small discussion has several different meanings in different languages and at the same time, every bit a word, it meant nothing at all. The Dadaism motility is based on the concepts of illogic and provocation and was seen as not only an art movement, but an anti-war movement.

The illogic of existing rules, norms, traditions, and values was chosen into question by the Dadaist motility. The art move encompassed several art forms including writing, poetry, dance, and performance art. Part of the movement was to call into question what could be classified equally "art".

Dadaism represents the beginnings of action art in which painting becomes more than than but a portrait of reality, but rather an amalgamation of the social, cultural, and subjective parts of beingness human.

Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Just Get More Bizzare

Equally if the pure illogic nature of the Dadaism motility was not outlandish enough, the Surrealists took the dream world to exist the fountain of all truth. One of the most famous Surrealist artists is Salvador Dali, and you are bound to know his painting Melting Sentry (1954).

Surrealism is fundamentally psychoanalytical, and many Surrealist artists would paint directly from their dreams. Sometimes dealing with uncomfortable concepts, hidden desires, and taboos, Surrealism was a direct critique of the ingrained ideas and behavior of the bourgeoise. As y'all can imagine, this manner of fine art was not pop when information technology began, only it has greatly influenced the world of modernistic fine art.

Space and time (in homage to L.V. Beethoven) (1974) by Italian painter William Girometti;William Girometti, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical

As the surrealists were attempting to move away from the globe of physical, concrete, and visible objects, the New Objectivity motility turned towards these ideas. Many of the themes within New Objective art were social critiques. The turbulence of the war left many people searching for some kind of social club to hold onto, and this can exist seen clearly in the art of New Objectivity.

The images represented in New Objectivity were often cold, unemotional, and technical, with some favorite subjects being the radio and lightbulbs. As is the example with many modern movements in art, there were several unlike wings to the New Objectivity motility.

Abstract Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Abroad from Europe

Abstract Expressionism is said to be the beginning fine art move to originate outside of Europe. Emerging from North America, Abstract Expressionism focused on color-field painting and activeness paintings. Rather than using a canvas and a brush, buckets of paint would exist poured on the ground, and artists used their fingers to create images.

With well-known artists similar Marc Tobey and Jackson Pollock, this art movement was distinct from any that came earlier it. The application of the paint was sometimes and then thick that the finished piece would take on a form unlike any painting before information technology. Abstract Expressionism spread throughout Europe. As with all fine art, there are always critics, with conservative Americans during the cold war calling it "un-American."

Pop-Art (1955-1969): Art is Everything

For the artists of Pop-Fine art, everything in the earth was art. From advertisements, tin cans, toothpaste, and toilets,everythingis art. Pop-Art developed simultaneously in the United States and England and is characterized past compatible blocks of colour and articulate lines and contours. Painting and graphic art became influenced by photorealism and serial prints. I of the most famous English Pop artists is David Hockney, although only a few of his lifetime paintings were in this motility.

A detail of Roy Lichtenstein's Wall Explosion II, 1965; Colin McLaughlin, CC By-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Eatables

Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modern Art

Starting in the 1980s, Neo-Expressionism emerged with large-format representational and life-affirming paintings. Berlin was a cardinal signal for this new movement, and the designs typically featured cities and big-city life. The name Neo-Expressionism emerged from Fauvism, and although the artists in Berlin disbanded in 1989, some artists connected to paint in this style in New York.

Fine art is a fundamental part of what it ways to be homo. Many of the troubles and joys we experience tin but be captured accurately through artistic expression. Nosotros promise that this short summary of the fine art periods timeline has helped you gain some more insight into the contexts surrounding some of the most famous works of fine art created by the human race.

Nosotros've also created a spider web story about art periods.

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Source: https://artincontext.org/art-periods/

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